Wednesday, December 23, 2020
Introducing the US Ground Forces in Vietnam
The US armed forces in Vietnam included a wide range of units, including Army, Army Air Cavalry, Armor, Engineers, Marines, Airborne, Special Forces, Air Force, Navy Aviators, etc. While the US had been playing some type of role in the region since WWII, and throughout the Indochina war, the official start of the involvement for US forces in Vietnam is considered November of 1955, when the first set of sanctioned 'military advisors' was deployed on the ground to help train and administer financial aid.
The first two US casualties, who are also the first to appear on the Vietnam Memorial Wall, did not happen until 1959, when the VC attacked a US training camp. The first set of 400 Green Berets were sent in '61, anticipating that the fighting in Vietnam would require this type of small unit jungle warfare, and may not require large scale troop deployments.
By '63, the number of advisors had grown from a couple hundred to 16,000. Things escalated quickly after an incident in the summer of '64, during which a US Destroyer was attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats off the gulf of Tonkin as a result of which Congress authorized the US President to use military force as needed. Tactical retaliatory air strikes took place, and soon after they turned into a full blown bombing campaign against North Vietnam. Thus began Operation Rolling Thunder in March of '65 lasting through November of '68. Other air campaigns were organized to disrupt the logistical support flowing through the Ho Chi Minh trail destined for the VC and NVA troops fighting in South Vietnam.
The first contingent of 3500 Marines arrived in March of '65, and by that summer, fought their first major engagement against Viet Cong forces at the Battle of Van Tuong, decidedly defeating them. Later that year, about 3 battalions from of Air Cavalry Divisions faced the North Vietnamese Army for the first time in the Drang Valley in November '65, made famous in the book/movie 'We were soldiers once... and young". This battle was hard to call in favor of either side, but both sides claimed victory and reported very different casualty numbers.
From there, the US commitment of ground forces accelerated, relying on the draft to make the numbers. US troop presence peaked at abut 550k in the '68-'69 period. Additional troops from allied Asia-Pacific nations, funded by the US, were deployed. These came mainly from South Korea, with additional contributions from Australia, Thailand, Philippines, and New Zealand. These came mainly from South Korea, with additional contributions from Australia, Thailand, Philippines, and New Zealand. The number of US soldiers who fought in Vietnam is actually much higher (about 2.7 million - close to 1% of the US population at the time) given the fact that most of them served a one year tour of duty.
The US fighting tactics during the war relied heavily on the use of the helicopter and focused on 'search and destroy', which involved flying into areas where the enemy was suspected to be, finding them, destroying them, and then withdrawing. For many US troops, abandoning ground for which they had just fought and died was an odd concept. It also neglected the importance of winning the hearts and minds of the local villagers, which were heavily courted and pressured by the VC to join them. The task of dealing with the local population was left primarily to the South Vietnamese troops, which were apparently not very good at it.
US Air power was also used to deliver large loads of bombs, as well as herbicides and defoliants from 62 to 71. This was meant to deny the enemy the jungle cover that they relied on. The NVA and Viet Cong adapted by avoiding large scale engagements, and also going underground, relying on a large network of tunnels, that were also ideal for ambushing US troops searching for them. Most of the Vietnam engagements were small unit actions, fought in guerilla style ambushes, with many booby traps and trickery involved.
During '67 a series of engagements at the border region with Laos and the failed attempt by the NVA to lay siege to the Khe Sanh base overlooking the Ho Chi Minh trail made some US generals confident that the end of the war was in sight, or at least that's how it was communicated to the US public. The surprise Tet Offensive in January of '68 during a truce to observe the religious holiday shocked every one. The joint NVA and VC forces attacked every major city and town in the south. While initially successful, most objectives were back in US/South Vietnamese hands shortly - except for a few border regions and Hue, where control was not regained for over a month. And while VC losses were extremely high - about half their strength-, the psychological effect turned this into a positive outcome for the North. Even Saigon which had been deemed safe to that point was attacked and it took three days to reclaim it. It did not matter that the offensive had been repulsed and that the combined US/South Vietnamese losses were only a fraction of the enemy's. The Tet Offensive marked a turning point for the US. The public felt misled that the war was under control and support at home began to turn sharply. Soon after, the bombing campaigns were scaled back to just the DMZ zone, and the Paris peace talk began that spring. Events like the My Lai massacre in which approximately 400 civilians were killed by US forces during a search and destroy operation conducted in '68, further damaged the public's and the media's perception towards US involvement in Vietnam.
From that point forward, the US policy turned towards tuning over responsibility for operations to the South Vietnamese army, and the withdrawal of US forces. Between 80k to 180k US soldiers were withdrawn each year between '69 and '73. The Paris agreement of January and '73 made this official, and the US troops completed their withdrawal later that year, leaving behind plentiful amounts of planes, vehicles, weapons, ammunition, and other supplies. This was meant to prop up the South to be able to defend themselves on their own if needed. Hostilities between the North and the South almost immediately, but neither the US nor the international community had the appetite to engage militarily to enforce the agreement. Another Spring Offensive in March of '75 allowed the North to conclusively defeat the South. Saigon fell on April 30, 1975 putting an end to the Vietnam war. Total US casualties during the war were 58,220 KIA, 153,303 wounded, and approximately another 2,500 POW/MIA, which were unaccounted for at the end of the war. The number of South Vietnamese KIA is estimated at about a quarter of a million.
In terms of toy soldiers, this is a period that had not received much attention until recently. Perhaps because of how recent the war was as well as the controversy on the home front surrounding it. For decades, the only set depicting Vietnam troops had been the TimMee GIs. Fortunately for the Toy Soldier Collectors, the late 2010's have brought a nice number of sets onto the market by firms such as TSSD, Mars, and Plastic Platoon. Let's take a look.
TimMee Vietnam US Infantry - Part I
These guys were my first set of Vietnam GIs. Very popular during the 80s, I grew up with them and over the years I accumulated hundreds of them. These guys have been so popular that they continue to be cloned and sold as cheap generic tan and green army men to this day. Unfortunately, so much cloning has led today's figures to barely have any detail left in them. Anyhow, the set contains 13 poses. You can see that they are definitely Vietnam figures as many of them are equipped with M16s. Besides the M16s, there are also a good variety of other weapons represented and a good number of fighting poses. That's what's possible when releasing this many figures in one set. I find that most of them evolved from the earlier TimMee WWII poses, but with much better sculpting. The level of detail and the fluidity of the figures' movements are far superior than that of their predecessors. Maybe the only thing they missed is that they all look like they are wearing pristine uniforms, whereas the reality of the jungle war in Vietnam, made that impractical.
TimMee Vietnam US Infantry - Part II
This is the other half of the set. If you are paying attention, there are a total of 14 figures in both pictures. By now you have probably realized that one of the guys is featured twice, but with a slight variation. If you like to solve those magazine puzzles in which you get to find the differences, go ahead and take a moment to do so, before I spoil it for you... The guy in the lower picture is throwing a grenade, whereas the one in the first picture has his hand open. My understanding is that the one with the grenade was the original pose, which was later modified to have his hand open. I guess it gives him more of a commanding attitude, so much, that for years I thought he was the officer leading the men. I did not learn about the earlier pose until much later. BTW, the marching guy, third from the right, is a bit hard to find so if you have any of those, hold on to them. Out of a new bag that I recently got with about 40 guys, it only contained one of them. Then again, he would not be of much use in a battle scene, so we do not need many of these.
Toy Soldiers of San Diego Vietnam Marines
The TSSD Marines were the first to be released representing this era in over three decades, and the wait was not in vain. This set is a really nice one, far superior to what they did with their NVA counterparts. The set is rich in detail. Some of the faces are so realistic that you can picture the ethnicity of some of these guys. The outfits are also far more realistic. Torn pants, rolled up sleeves, vests, cigarette packs tucked in the helmets. With 8 poses in the set, the range of weapons is a bit more limited than TimMee's, but they still managed to include a grenade launcher, which was not represented before. Some of the sculpting feels a bit bulky, like the M16s, and the boots they are wearing, but other than that, this is really a great set.
Plastic Platoon 1st Cavalry Infantry Division Vietnam
This was Plastic Platoon's debut set. What a way to make an entrance into the toy soldier scene. Only six poses, but very well taken advantage of. Each man carrying a different weapon, and all in useful battle scenes. While some might argue that the man holding his head is not a fighting pose, he could still be used in a battle scene to make it even more authentic, unlike guys who might be standing guard or just having a cigarette. These guys also show very authentic attire, and the sculpting of the body muscles on the machine gunner is also unprecedented. Probably one of my all-time favorite toy soldier figures. I also like the officer who is multi-tasking. Reminds me of Mel Gibson's character in 'We were soldiers...' when their command post gets overrun. Overall, a great set.
Plastic Platoon 25th US Infantry Division Vietnam
So the one thing I don't like as much about Plastic Platoon's sets is that they only contain 6 figures, but in this case, we got treated to 5 sets in total, which means that in the end, we have a really good number of great poses -if you are willing to buy them all. This second set was a bit less dramatic than the previous one, but equally rich in details. Extra ammo on the helmets, visible dog tags, bracelets, etc. And all poses useful in a battle situation. What's also notable is that at this stage of Plastic Platoon's sets, the bases were still relatively simple. Later -starting with set 2 of the Hue Marines-, they've become busier with additional detail and debris. I don't mind that, but some collectors do. The only thing I am not a big fan of in this set is the sculpting of the hands. I think they tried too hard to make them realistic, to the point that they look skeletal.
Plastic Platoon US Marines - Hue Set 1
The Battle of Hue was a subplot of the major Tet offensive at the start of '68, most notable because it lasted over a month during which the city switched control twice, and it involved tough house to house urban combat. Plastic Platoon has decided to dedicate this set to the Marines who fought that battle. Overall it is a nice set, with Plastic Platoon's characteristic level of detail and realism. Particularly dramatic are the wounded man and the man tending to him while he defends them with his pistol. One thing I did not like as much about this set is that the material was a bit hard and still, the tips of the weapons get easily bent. This has been an on and off issue for Plastic Platoon since this set, as they experiment with different materials. Another thing to point out is that as much as I like Plastic Platoon's sculpting, there is something that feels off balance when it comes to the posing of the grenade thrower. Or is it just me?
Plastic Platoon US Marines - Hue Set 2
This set is interesting mainly due to the fact that most of these guys are wearing gas masks. I don't believe that gas was used as a weapon in Vietnam, so I really don't know how prevalent the use of gas masks was. Maybe they were useful when using smoke grenades? In any case, Plastic Platoon thought that they were worth representing generously with a set of their own. This set also gives us a bazooka man, and a flame thrower, which is also very rich in detail, particularly when you look at the tanks he is carrying on his back. The poses are mostly in a state of anticipation or engaging the enemy from a safe distance, except for the guy on the left who seems to be running for his life and firing back at whatever is trying to get him.
Plastic Platoon US Marines with Recoilless Rifle
This is a set built around the 106mm recoilless rifle. Three figures represent the crew, and the other two are simply supporting cast. I do like the man firing his rifle. The feather on his helmet is a pretty nice touch. Now about that camera man... For sure he is a fine sculpture, and I could see how he might have been present a bit behind the front lines, where this weapon might have been operating, but I still feel like I would have been happier with another fighting pose. I know that on the fifth set, one can probably afford to make such a pose, so maybe I am being overly critical. BTW, I should also point out that all the walls and temple sculptures were released as part of this Vietnam series by Plastic Platoon. They were sold separately from the figures, and definitely add an atmosphere of authenticity to their setting.
Mars Vietnam Marines - set 32005
This was the first of three Vietnam sets released by Mars in quick succession around 2017. Definitely a welcome addition to the period, given that prior to these new sets, there had been so little in terms of Us Vietnam forces. But for sure a different level of detail and quality compared to PP and TSSD. But hey, 8 more poses were certainly welcome, and all of them usable in a combat setting. Also positive is the good mix of weapons, and also the more realistic outfits compared to the TimMee predecessors.
Mars US Infantry Vietnam - set 32006
This set is just OK in my opinion. While most of the poses can be used in a combat situation, some of them feel a bit stiff in their stance. Not the way that a real person would be standing in the middle of a firefight. They remind me more of someone telling an enemy to stay still and put their hands up. And that guy who is standing around taking a smoke, I don't have much use for him in the type of scenes I like to setup. Aside from that, the sculpting is a bit coarse and chunky in some areas - like the weapons. Even so, a welcome set, and if you are just starting to collect, I fair deal for the number of figures and price point, compared to Plastic Platoon. You can definitely assemble a platoon size force of Mars figures for the same cost as 6 Plastic Platoon guys.
Mars Green Berets Vietnam - set 32008
This is the most rugged, bad ass looking set of out of the 3 Mars Vietnam sets and also my favorite. These guys do look like a dangerous bunch of jungle fighters. The outfits and attitudes very fitting as well. A few of these guys could have come straight out of Rambo. Unfortunately, this set also suffers from suboptimal sculpting when it comes to the little details and some of the proportions. For instance, the head on the guy on the far left feels too small for his body, or perhaps it's just because of the bandana he is wearing? In any case, the weapon he is holding is really thick. But despite those minor details, this is a pretty cool set, with a good number of fighting poses to take advantage of.
Introducing the South Vietnamese Army (ARVN)
The South Vietnamese Army, officially known as the Army of the Republic of South Vietnam (ARVN) was established after the end of the Indochina War with France in 1955, and went on to fight for 20 years until its defeat at the fall of Saigon in 1975. Their main adversaries were the Viet Cong and the NVA, who were fighting for a unified, communist Vietnam. While many think of the South Vietnamese Army as having played second fiddle to the US Army during the Vietnam war, they actually had over 4 times the number of KIA during the war, with over a quarter million deaths. It is true that operationally, the let the Americans take the initiative for several years while the US forces were involved, but prior to that, and after the US forces completed their withdrawal in '73, the ARVN bore the brunt of the fighting. At the height of the war, they were considered a fairly modernized army, utilizing helicopters and armored cavalry vehicles not just as transportation, but in actual combat, with doctrines that were later used as blueprints by other nations. At some point, the number of ARVN troops was close to 1 million. About 40% of them were regular army, and the rest were regional militias. Unfortunately, even though they were very well supplied and trained by the US, they were not led very well. Not only by their politicians and generals, but also through a weak officer corps, which was often described as corrupt, inept, and suffering from low morale. Throughout the war, the South Vietnamese we hindered by political infighting which lead to a coup, followed by ongoing questionable leadership. The collapse that they suffered at the end of the war, was particularly shocking. When the US left Vietnam, they basically left all their fighting vehicles and weapons/ammo caches behind, so the ARVN should have had enough materiel to fight with, but the North's Spring Offensive in March of '75 resulted in a total rout and by end of April Saigon had fallen. Many generals, officers, and enlisted men committed suicide anticipating what was to come, and the rest were sent to reeducation camps by the North Vietnamese, where many more were tortured and died. In terms of toy soldiers, there really aren't many options. As far as I know, we only have the Mars set so far. Let's check it out.
Mars South Vietnamese Army
As far as I know this is the only ARVN set that has been released in this scale. So it's great to have some representation for this country and service branch, but I do have to say that the set was a bit underwhelming. First of all, the poses have several guys just standing around. I am never a big fan of those. Then the sculpting and level of detail are a bit coarse. Some of the weapons feel a bit thick, and the detailing feels like someone just took a knife and sliced off some sections of clay. The guy on the far right is particularly off at the middle seam towards the face. On the positive side, there's a good variety of head gear, and weapons. So, all in all, happy that there are some guys to fight next to the US forces, but it feels like this set fell short of its potential.
Saturday, December 19, 2020
Introducing the North Vietnamese Army (NVA)
The North Vietnamese Army, commonly known as NVA was officially named the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN). It had its origins at the end of WWII, with the goal of fighting the Japanese. Ironically, some of the men who went on to become the PAVN were originally trained by US agents of the OSS. After WWII, this small force grew and later fought against the French during the Indochina War. After defeating the French, the 1954 Geneva accord left Vietnam as two separate countries, so the North, led by Ho Chi Minh, set its aims in a unified and communist Vietnam. This would become a 20+ year effort, finally realized with the Fall of Saigon in April of 1975. The expansion of the PAVN began in earnest soon after the Geneva agreement, with a couple divisions being raised from southerners who had fought the French and had relocated to the North after the war. Initially the war in the South was fought primarily by the Viet Cong, which was a proxy for the North, which also provided logistical support and supplies to them via the Ho Chi Minh trail. Starting in 1965, the North started sending troops into the South and the first major engagement with US forces happened that same year during the Battle of the Drang Valley, famously chronicled in the book and movie 'We were soldiers once... and young'. Both sides pioneered tactics during this battle that would go on to become common place throughout the war. The Americans' heavy use of helicopters, as well as artillery and air-ground support would go on to play an important role during the war, and the NVA's approach of fighting at very close range to negate the US ability to bombard them. It is hard to say who won this battle as the number of casualties were inflated by both sides. Even if we think of it as a draw, the outcome certainly emboldened the North into believing that they could go toe-to-toe in a war with the US, so from a psychological standpoint, that was a victory for them. Other important offensives during the war were the Tet Offensive of '68 in which the joint Viet Cong and NVA shocked the US and South Vietnamese by attacking 100 towns and cities across the South when they were supposed to be enjoying a holiday truce. Even though this offensive was repelled with heavy losses for the Viet Cong, the world was shocked and public opinion in the US began to turn against the war. In 1972, the North launched another large attack called the Easter Offensive, which had to be dealt with primarily by the South Vietnamese as the US had already scaled back its presence significantly. Despite initial success, the North was eventually repelled, but they did manage to retain some captured territory. The US completely withdrew by '73 following the Paris Peace Accords. Two years later, in violation of the treaty, the NVA launched a final Spring Offensive. The South Vietnamese Army crumbled under the weight of this offensive even though it still held large amounts of materiel left behind by the US. Within two months, Saigon fell and the war was over. In terms of Toy Soldiers, it was not until a few years back when manufacturers finally gave the NVA some attention. So far we have sets from TSSD, Mars, and more recently Plastic Platoon. Let's take a look.
Toy Soldiers of San Diego NVA
If I recall correctly, this was the first NVA set on the market, and even though I must admit that I was not thrilled by it, it was a must have for my collection, which did not have any regular troops to fight my plentiful number of TimMee GIs. What I did not like about this set was mainly the rigidness of the poses. They all have a very straight back, and the poses lack fluidity of movement. On the positive side, these guys are all fighting.
Mars NVA
Speaking of fighting, here are some guys who are doing exactly the opposite. A few of them seem to be just enjoying the day. The two on the right seem a bit odd to me. The main difference between them is that one is standing on the skull of a water buffalo, and the other one is standing on a stump, but for all practical purposes it's the same pose. Again, a bit underwhelming for a set that we had been waiting decades for. But I suppose that given the number of fighting poses in the TSSD set, these guys provide a bit of balance and variety.
Plastic Platoon NVA
Now, this set is up to my expectations. Lots of action, fluidity of movement, and all can be used in battle situations, even if they are not firing, which is something that the TSSD set missed - they are all firing or charging. A very nice range of weaponry, and several nice little touches, like the guy with the knife between his teeth. This set also gives us a bit more variety of head gear, even though the set only has six poses. That's right, the Plastic Platoon sets always leave you wishing for more.
Plastic Platoon NVA Assault Troops with Mortar
Luckily, Plastic Platoon did give us a bit more. They followed up the first set with a support weapons set. It comes with a mortar, a light machine gun, and what looks like a pole with a bunch of stick grenades attached to one end. That last guy definitely displays a level of intensity in accordance to a guy who knows he is on a one way mission. One thing I did not like about this set though is the material. The plastic bends too easily, and in the case of the prone machine gun guy, it has proven very hard to straighten the weapon, so that it's not firing into the sky, and also to make the bipod behave as one. But all in all, the rest of the figures are excellent. Another very nice set from Plastic Platoon.
Tuesday, December 15, 2020
Sunday, December 13, 2020
Toy Soldier Makers - 70s and 80s
The following is a list of WWII Plastic Toy Soldier Makers which primarily produced their figures during the '70s and '80s. Most of these figures were still made to be used as toys but the influence of the modelling hobby starts to be felt. Figures are now better sculpted, with more detail and realism. There's also a greater range of countries and service branches represented. Hallmarks of this era are Airfix, Matchbox, and Britains Deetail, all based out of England. Let's take a look:
Toy Soldier Makers - Old Vintage
The following is a list of WWII Plastic Toy Soldier Makers which primarily produced their figures during the '50s and '60s. The figures from these manufacturers were truly intended to be used as toys by children, therefore, they are typically not very detailed, they are some times larger in size, and they often represent just the main WWII combatants, with much emphasis on US troops. Let's take a look:
Saturday, December 12, 2020
Introducing the Viet Cong
Generally speaking, Viet Cong is the term by which the rebel troops fighting in South Vietnam were known during the Vietnam War. Even though in popular culture one most often associates the Viet Cong with the guerrilla jungle fighters wearing black farming outfits and 'Non-La' hats used to work in the rice paddies, in reality, there were several branches to this organization. One was a political party, another its armed forces. The armed forces in turn included regular uniformed troops and irregular guerrilla forces. The term Viet Cong means Vietnamese Communist. US forces used to refer to it as Victor Charlie, per the radio transmission letter codes.
The VC peaked with the Tet offensive of Jan and Feb of '68. During this operation, they simultaneously attacked 100 cities and major towns across South Vietnam. The offensive started during what was supposed to be a week-long truce to observe a religious holiday in Vietnam. An attack of this scale shocked the US and the entire world media. The offensive involved 80k VC troops, but it cost them terribly, probably because it involved a type of urban warfare that they were not used to. The VC suffered 75k casualties. 40k of them were KIA. This represented half of the total VC strength, which could not be replaced easily as they were still based out of Cambodia. In comparison, the US/South Vietnamese lost a total of 10.6k men. The main objective of this offensive had been to stir up a general uprising of the population in the south. Unfortunately, this did not materialize. So militarily this was a crushing defeat. But that did not matter. It was somehow turned into a victory by its propaganda machine, and the shock effect that it had achieved.
In terms of Toy Soldiers, it was not until a couple of years ago that the first set of VC troops was released. This finally gave the US troops, particularly my hundreds of TimMee Vietnam GIs, some opponents to fight. Both Mars and Plastic Platoon have produced them. Another small firm, Action Casting, produced a limited edition before them, but unfortunately I did not get my hands on any. Let's take a look.
Mars Viet Cong
This was the first set of Viet Cong figures wide available, and it was such a welcome release in my mind. It's only six poses, but it's a good a start. And they made those 6 figures count, as they depict a decent diversity of poses, weapons, and outfits. And there's even a woman in the mix. I particularly like the variety of head gear.
Mars Viet Cong Heavy Weapons Set
The follow on set of 8 more figures rounded up the Mars Viet Cong troops nicely. The heavy machine guns also a nice touch. I do have to say that in terms of the sculpting, the first set was a bit more polished. This other set feels a bit coarser, particularly the thickness of the weapons. One pose that I find particularly interesting is the guy who has the front of his upper body full of grenades. You really hope he wouldn't take a shot there!
Plastic Platoon Viet Cong
This set is at a whole other level of quality. The poses denote quite a bit more action, and the level of detail and proportions are all very nicely done. You actually see individual toe nails, the fibers on the straw hats, straps on the sandals, the pattern of the bandana, and those facial expressions are superb. Hard to pick a favorite pose from the set, but I give extra points for uniqueness to the guy going into combat with a submg on one hand and a sickle on the other.
If you care to learn more about the VC, the Viet Cong, had its origins in North Vietnam in '54, after the end of the Indochina war with France. From its early stages it liked to operate under the façade of other organizations to garner support across multiple fronts. The 'Saigon-Cholon Peace Committee' was its first front. Other front names used implied that members were fighting for religious causes, for example, 'Executive Committee of the Fatherland Front' suggested affiliation with the Vietnam-Cambodia Buddhist Association. In December of '60, a new political party named National Liberation Front of Southern Vietnam or NLF was formed in South Vietnam. This allowed them to avoid association with the North. Along with the NLF, the Central Office for South Vietnam, was created to command the VC armed forces. In '69, the Viet Cong created the "Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam" abbreviated PRG. NLF was not used much after that.
The VC's armed branch, called the Liberation Army of South Vietnam (LASV), was also founded in '54 and became the main fighting force in the South by '61. Although commanded by the Central Office for South Vietnam, it was still politically and militarily controlled by Hanoi. For all practical purposes, the LASV functioned as a branch of the North Vietnamese Army. The LASV was often portrayed as fighting for independence, out of nationalistic motivation, as opposed to fighting for communist ideals. Its original members were South Vietnamese who had gone into North Vietnam at the end of the Indochina War, and were subsequently sent back secretly to begin the insurgency. The LASV began attacks in the summer of '59 and soon after, it started to 'liberate' territory in South Vietnam. The VC did additional recruiting in the south. They lived off the land and terrorized the local population which didn’t cooperate with them. It is said that they often kidnapped young kids from villages at night and pressed them to serve in their army. The VC fighting style was very elusive. Over time, they created a sophisticated network of tunnels that made them very hard to detect and fight. They could easily vanish from ambush sites, only to reemerge elsewhere unexpectedly.
In terms of logistics, the VC was supplied by North Vietnam with support from the Soviets and Chinese. They did this initially through the Ho Chi Minh trail that cuts partly through Laos. This route evolved from a trail that required a 6-month mountain trip in '59, to a road usable by trucks during the dry season, to a fully paved highway by '74. Starting in '65, it began to be heavily bombed by US forces. This and other military pressures forced the VC to retreat into Cambodia in '66. Supplies shifted to flow from the North through Cambodia until '70.
In 1970 a change of regime in Cambodia allowed the US to pursue the VC there, which put further pressure on them. The VC for all practical purposes had become the secondary fighting force in the south, behind the NVA. After the Easter Offensive of '72, the VC was finally able to move back into South Vietnam. With American public opinion turning against the war after the Tet Offensive, the US had begun pulling out of Vietnam and by '73 it had entirely disengaged militarily. Material support to South Vietnam was also cut back in ' 74. Saigon fell to the North in April of '75 and the country was unified in '76. At that point the PRG was dissolved and the NLF was merged with Vietnamese Fatherland Front Party in '77. The Viet Cong had served its purpose.
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